Chi-Square Tes

Kaunim em

Avarej namba long wan wan hultulHulWanpela long ol 37 hul i gat namba long rota. Narapela nem: slot, cup.Ritim olgeta → em n/37. Long wan wan hul, kisim senis namel long wanem yu lukim na wanem yu wetim, skwerim, na dilaim long wanem yu wetim; bungim ol 37 namba. Stretpela wil i givim namba klostu 36 long avarej (ol degri bilong fridomlaboratoriDegri bilong fridomNamba bilong ol velyu i no hangamap long narapela insait long wanpela statistik. Long chi-square tes long 37 hul em i 36, long wanem ol kaunim i mas bung i kamap olgeta namba.Ritim olgeta →), wantaim standet diviesenmatematikStandet diviesenSkwea rut bilong varians; hamas longwe resal i save stap long ekspektet velyu.Ritim olgeta → klostu 8.5. Antap long 51.0 i makim samting long mak 5%; antap long 58.6 long 1%. Wheel Bias Analyzer i kaunim namba bilong tes na stretpela p-velyulaboratorip-velyuSans long lukim senis i bikpela olsem o i winim dispela yu lukim, sapos wil i stret.Ritim olgeta → long regularized incomplete gamma function.

Wanpela piksa

1,000 tanim. Tetisikis hul i kamap namel long 20 na 34 taim; hul 8 i kamap 41 taim. Avarej em 27.03. Namba bilong hul 8 yet em (41 − 27.03)²/27.03 = 7.2. Ting olsem ol narapela 36 namba i kamap 38 wantaim (olsem planti taim). χ² = 45.2 long 36 df, p ≈ 0.14. I no makim samting: stretpela wil i mekim olsem wanpela taim long sevenpela. Hul 8 em i samting yu ken lukluk long en, i no painim, na ansa em narapela tausen tanim.

Ol samting tes i ting i tru

Ol tanim i no hangamap long narapelamatematikOl tanim i no hangamap long narapelaOlgeta tanim i gat wankain sans, maski wanem samting i kamap bipo. Olgeta kaunim long dispela sait i sanap long dispela.Ritim olgeta →, na avarej i mas 5 o moa long wan wan hul. Olsem na n ≥ 185 bilong tes i ken wok liklik, na planti moa bilong em i gat helpim. Sapos yu bungim ol tanim long planti wil, yu brukim namba wan tingting (yu testim ol wil i miks, i no wanpela wil). Pasin bilong han bilong dila bai brukim em tru, na bai mekim χ² i go antap, maski i no gat hul i gat bias long bodi bilong wil.

Pasin bilong Han bilong Dila long RuletOl Tanim bilong Rulet i No Hangamap long Narapela

Pearson na Monte Carlo

Karl Pearson i putim tes ples klia long 1900. Wanpela bilong ol namba wan piksa bilong en em 26,306 tanim bilong rulet long Monte Carlo ol i bin raitim. Em i painim olsem ol i no wankain tumas bilong kamap long laki, na em i tokaut olsem “Monte Carlo roulette… is not a game of chance” (rulet bilong Monte Carlo i no pilai bilong sans). Bihain ol narapela raita i tok olsem ol nius man i raitim ol tanim bilong wanpela niuspepa i bin giamanim planti bilong ol. Em i wanpela skul tu long save gut long we ol namba i kam long en.

Rulet long Monte Carlo

Wanpela tes tru: ol wil i wok long em yet long Las Vegas

Planti taim ol pleia i ting olsem wil i wok long em yet i stiaim baltulBalLiklik bal dila i sutim long rot i go long narapela sait long rota. Ol nupela bal i ivorine o Teflon, 18–21 mm.Ritim olgeta → i go longwe long ol bikpela bet. Wanpela skelim long 2017 i testim dispela tingting long ol wil bilong Interblock long Las Vegas i no gat dila na i gat dabel sirowilSiroWanpela grinpela hul we i no gat bet wan-long-wan, dosen o kolam i karamapim; em i as bilong edj bilong kasino. Narapela nem: wanpela siro, 0.Ritim olgeta →. Ol i putim bet long wanpela hap bilong faivpela namba i stap klostu, kain bet olsem man i taimim wil i save mekim. Long 299 tanim, dispela hap i win 29 taim, na avarej em 39.3. Stretpela wil i givim kain sotpela olsem klostu 4% bilong taim. Chi-square long olgeta 38 hul em 45.29 long 37 degri bilong fridom: p = 16.5%. Namba tu samting yu kaunim, 1,204 tanim long tripela wil, i givim χ² = 34.79, p = 57%, na i no gat wanpela hap, liklik o bikpela, i makim samting. Tupela wantaim, 1,503 tanim, i givim χ² = 41.75, p = 27%. Ansa em i no gat mak olsem wil i stiaim bal. Namba wan samting yu kaunim tasol i luk olsem i no stret; namba tu i stretim tok.

Moa long chi-square

Long wanpela hul tasol yu ting i no stret, binomial tes i strong moa. Long wanpela hap bilong wil yu ting i no stret, yusim z-tes bilong seksenwilSeksenWanpela hap bilong wil we ol hul i stap wan bihain long narapela, i narakain long wanpela grup long laiaut.Ritim olgeta → long pes bilong skelim ol seksen. Chi-square em i tes bilong olgeta samting: em i tokim yu olsem wanpela samting i no stret, tasol i no tok wanem samting. Yusim em pastaim, na bihain lukluk.

Skelim Ol Seksen

Fomula

Ol askim